Schema to JSON Schema | Schema Benchmarks

Many libraries can convert a schema into a JSON Schema, so it can be consumed by anything that speaks JSON Schema - documentation generators, OpenAPI builders, LLM structured outputs.

We benchmark whichever API the library provides, using a small schema with a codec. Libraries that generate JSON schemas at build time (e.g. typia) are not included — there's nothing to time at runtime.

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const schema = z.object({
  id: z.number(),
  name: z.string(),
  price: z.codec(z.string(), z.number(), { decode: Number, encode: String }),
});

const jsonSchema = z.toJSONSchema(schema);

Because of the codec, the input and output types differ (price is a string going in, a number coming out), and so do their JSON schemas.

Standard JSON Schema

Some libraries also implement the Standard JSON Schema interface, which lets a tool generate a JSON schema without specialising for each library:

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const jsonSchema = personSchema["~standard"].jsonSchema.input({ target: "draft-2020-12" });

The Standard JSON Schema column shows how each library supports it:

Native - the library implements it
Native Opt in - implemented, but it has to be enabled first (e.g. S.enableStandardJSONSchema())
Separate package - a separate package implements it (e.g. @valibot/to-json-schema)
None (blank) - nothing implements it, so only the library's own API is benchmarked

Generated schemas

Every generated schema is checked against the data it describes, but libraries don't agree on what a JSON schema for the same type looks like - each result links to what its library generated.

Support Matrix Benchmarks

				Draft 2020-12		Draft 07		OpenAPI 3.0
Library	Version	Source	Standard JSON Schema	Input	Output	Input	Output	Input	Output
`arktype`	`2.2.3`	Native	Native
`effect@beta`	`4.0.0-beta.101`	Native
`effect`	`3.22.0`	Native
`joi`	`18.2.5`	Package
`sury`	`11.0.0-rc.1`	Native	Native Opt in
`valibot`	`1.4.2`	Package	Package
`zod`	`4.4.3`	Native	Native
`zod/mini`	`4.4.3`	Native
`zod/v3`	`4.4.3`	Package

Target

Type

Library	Version	/wk	Type	Mean
`valibot`	`1.4.2`	n/a	Output	860 ns
`valibot`	`1.4.2`	n/a	Input	870 ns	1.01x
`sury`	`11.0.0-rc.1`	n/a	Input	2 μs	2.18x
`sury`	`11.0.0-rc.1`	n/a	Output	2 μs	2.31x
`zod/v3`	`4.4.3`	n/a	Output	5 μs	6.05x
`zod/v3`	`4.4.3`	n/a	Input	5 μs	6.13x
`zod/mini`	`4.4.3`	n/a	Output	7 μs	7.69x
`zod`	`4.4.3`	n/a	Output	8 μs	8.75x
`zod/mini`	`4.4.3`	n/a	Input	8 μs	9.59x
`zod`	`4.4.3`	n/a	Input	9 μs	10.35x
`joi`	`18.2.5`	n/a	Input	83 μs	96.86x

Standard JSON Schema

format_quoteGenerated schemas

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